Material Culture, Microhistory and Mayhem. The Past and Stuff is a casual and irreverent podcast by Dr. Ashley Bozian and Dr. Tracey Cooper. Each week we challenge each other to identify an historical object, and then discuss what it can tell us as a unique window on the past. Expect an unexpected mesh of connections and terrible jokes, as a two very serious academics (not!), one a Armenian-American millennial and the other a British Gen Xer, have too much fun while trying to understand each other and the history of the world.

Episodes

Episode 20: Witch Bottles and Obsidian Mirrors

In this first episode of Season two, we are gearing up to Halloween. In Stuff in the News this week Ashley talks about NYC Mayor Eric Adams taking bribes from Turkey to not acknowledge the Armenian Holocaust. While, Tracey’s Stuff in the News concerns mummies and skeletons, not the Halloween yard decorations, but actual Stone Age mummies and skeletons, and how researchers have been thinking about a system to name them other than dehumanizing numbers. In her piece of stuff this week Ashley’s discusses Witch bottles, probably the most numerous, or at least most recognizable and extant anti-witch devices usually from the Early Modern period, but the example she uses is from as late as the American Civil War in the nineteenth century. Tracey’s Piece of Stuff in an obsidian mirror from Aztec Mexico, used for divination or scrying, but also worn in ritual costumes, as well as being a facet of the god Tezcatlipoca, or the “Lord of Smoking Mirrors.” 

Witch Bottle filled with nails was discovered near Williamsburg, Virginia, in 2016. 
Robert Hunter/William & Mary

Aztec Obsidian Mirror, British Museum. Image wikimedia commons

Episode 19: Kreepy Krampus and Two Non-Voodoo Dolls (Part Two)

In this episode, Tracey talks us through the science behind some of the new news about why olive oil is good for you and why ultra processed foods are bad for you. Ashley, meanwhile, tells us about the plight of Jerusalem’s ancient Armenian Christian quarter that is currently the subject of a seriously dodgy and illegal land grab. Tracey’s Piece of Stuff returns to the theme of figurines with nails coming out of them that are not voodoo dolls (Spoiler: Historic Voodoo dolls are a bit of a myth!). This time we are looking at a N’kisi power figurine from the Kongo people and how it ensured social order. To round out our Christmas 2023 offerings Ashley’s Piece of Stuff is a truly creepy greeting card featuring everyone’s favorite Xmas child-kidnapper, Krampus! [SHOW NOTES]

Mangaaka Power Figure (N’kisi N’Kondi) – Metropolitcan Museum of Art in the Pblic Domain.

Kongo artist and nganga, Yombe Group. Second half of nineteenth century.

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/320053

Gruß vom Krampus, uploaded to wikimedia commons by Kohelet, source Historie čertů Krampus. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gruss_vom_Krampus.jpg

Episode 18: Thanksgiving Fiascoes and Two Non-Voodoo Dolls (Part One)

In this episode Ashley talks about the disgusting way that Citigroup was denying Armenian credit applicants based on their last names. In her Stuff in the News, Tracey talks about new research that suggests an early Jewish Temple in Egypt had priestesses who issued curses. We are exploring possibilities for a Citigroup Defixio (curse). Ashley’s Piece of Stuff is the creepiest Thanksgiving clown ever to terrorize the children of New York city just trying to innocently watch a parade, and a slew of other traumatizing stuff that Macy’s might have wished to avoid in their 97 years of parades. Tracey’s Piece of Stuff is a figure with pins sticking out of it – it’s not a voodoo doll, and along with next week’s figure with pins sticking out of it she’ll argue that (spoiler alert) voodoo dolls don’t really exist, at least not how the West has perceived them. [SHOW NOTES]

Voodoo Doll Louvre E27145a

Accessed from wikimedia commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Voodoo_doll_Louvre_E27145a.jpg

The actual picture of the clown at the Macy’s Thansgiving Parade is not available in the Public Domain but here is a link to it at Getty Images https://www.gettyimages.ae/detail/news-photo/clown-whose-head-is-in-danger-o. f-blowing-away-becomes-big-news-photo/97219945?adppopup=true

Photo shown here is Felix the Cat Balloon in 1927 Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade; it was the first balloon to appear in the parade. From wikimedia commons courtesy of the Bill Smith collection. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Felix_the_Cat_at_1927_Macy%27s_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade_1.png

Episode 17: Eighth Century Sweet Treats and Mysterious Retreats

In this week’s Stuff in the News, Ashley discusses a new database of searchable information about medieval murders…go waste time. Right now! Tracey’s stuff in the news concerns the ongoing plight of the Uighurs in the Xinjiang province of China, where over a million of them are thought to be kept in prison camps making cheap manufactured goods for Western markets. Both of our pieces of stuff this week coincidentally ended up being from our bailiwick period – the eighth century. Ashley introduces us to an Aztec statue of a merchant holding a cocoa pod, and we talk about chocolate with a lot of glee and giggles. Tracey’s piece of stuff is a clay alien mothman door knocker, not really, but that’s what it looks like. It is from a very remote, very mysterious Siberian island, where a complex was built taking up almost the entirety of the island’s surface and immediately abandoned before occupation. The mystery is solved…but no spoilers here!

Photo credit, Brooklyn Museum. Their caption: Aztec. Man Carrying a Cacao Pod, 1440-1521. Volcanic stone, traces of red pigment, 14 1/4 x 7 x 7 1/2in. (36.2 x 17.8 x 19.1cm). Brooklyn Museum, Museum Collection Fund, 40.16. Creative Commons-BY (Photo: Brooklyn Museum, 40.16_front_PS9.jpg)

URL: https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/50010

Roof tile from Por-Bajin, probably apotropaic in the Chinese style. From a Uighur Khaganate period Manichean monastery, datable to 777CE.

Photo credit: Por-Bajin Foundation: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dragon_tile_from_Por-Bazhyn.JPG

Por- Bajin Manichean Monastery in Siberia, taken before the 2007 excavation. Photo Credit: Por-Bajin Fortress Foundation – https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Por-Bazhyn_aerial_view_2007_before_excavation.JPG

Episode 16: Clockwork Computers, Ice Age Americans and Big Foot

In this episode Tracey discusses a new sighting of Bigfoot in Colorado, why Sasquatch is interesting to a cultural historian and could such a creature possibly exist, while Ashley is shocked to discover that new entry requirements for Americans traveling abroad are close to what America has been doing to its own visitors. Tracey’s Piece of Stuff this week is a collection of ancient footprints in White Sands, New Mexico that date to the Last Glacial Maximum, 21k and 23k years ago. Ashley’s Piece of Stuff is the remarkable Antikythera Mechanism, an ancient Greek computer for calculating the movement of stars and the dates of the Olympic Games.

The Antikytheria Mechanism. Greek, 500-100BCE.

National Museum of Archaeology, Athens, Greece.

Photo credit: Tilemahos Efthimiadis, from wikicommons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Antikythera_Mechanism_(3471171927).jpg

Archaeologist excavating and studying fossilized footprints at White Sands, New Mexico. Footprints shown at two different strata corresponding to dates of 21 thousand and 23 thousand years ago. Close ups of these footprints.

United States Geological Society, November 20, 2021. Accessed at wikicommons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:White_Sands_Fossil_Footprints.png

Episode 15: Transatlantic Halloween: Coffin Dolls and Headless Horsemen

In this episode Tracey will terrify you all with her Stuff in News, that new footprint evidence that shows that those 10ft tall, 30 mph, huge beaked ‘terror birds’ had another deadly weapon in their arsenal – deadly sharp killer claws. Meanwhile, by our usual neat unplanned synchronicity, Ashley’s Stuff in the News reveals that experts have found that to animals in South Africa the sound of our voices are more terrifying than a lion’s roar. In our pieces of stuff this week we both explore the spooky early nineteenth century, Tracey discusses the mysterious coffin dolls found on Arthur’s Seat in Edinburgh and adds her own unique take to the seven other explanations for them, which include a serial killer’s mementoes. Ashley spins off from a discussion of an 1685 Dutch Reformed church bell, in colonial Sleepy Hollow to explain how Washington Irving gave us not just a whole bunch of Halloween fun with his headless horseman and Ichabod Crane, but also established a lot of Christmas traditions, while serving as US ambassador to Spain and writing a biography of the Prophet Muhammad.

Coffin Dolls, found on Arthur’s Seat, Edinburgh, 1836.

Photo Credit: National Museum of Scotland

Church Bell, 1685, at the Old Dutch Reformed Church in Sleepy Hollow, New York.

Photo Credit: https://reformedchurchtarrytowns.org/old-dutch-church/

Episode 14: African Halloween: Spider Staff and Significant Skull

In this episode Ashley’s traditionally disturbing Stuff in the News concerns the billion-dollar international trade in monkey skulls and other bits of dead animals you can buy on ebay. Tracey’s traditionally earnest Stuff in the News focuses on a paradigm changing archaeological find from Africa – a nearly half-a-million-year-old, pre-homo sapien, wooden structure that has been unearthed in Zambia. Sticking with African artifacts, Ashley’s Piece of Stuff this week is a linguist’s staff of office from Ghana that prominently features a large spider –  the trickster Anansi. Tracey, meanwhile, continues her story of the Piltdown Man Hoax by interweaving the story of the discovery of a real skull from Africa, that of the Taung Child. While this was one of the most significant archaeological and scientific discoveries of the twentieth century, and could potentially  have challenged a lot of scientific racism, it was dismissed for decades because of the Piltdown Hoax.

Staff of a court linguist (okyeamepoma) with a spider and web motif representing the West African trickster god, Anansi, who often takes the form of a spider.

Akan People. Asante Group. (Ghana region)

19th – early 20th century. Gold foil over wood.

Photo credit. https://mgkente.com/blogs/news/linguist-staff-okyeamepoma-asante-tribe

Skull and endocast of the brain of Taung Child, South Africa. Australopithecus africanus, 2.1 million years old.

Photocredit: Didier Descouens, October 29, 2013, from wikimedia commons https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taung_Child

Episode 13: Faking Fossils and Reading Livers

In this week’s episode Tracey talks about the Mexican Congressional Hearing into UFO’s and some pretty fake looking alien corpses, while Ashley tells us all about the upsurge of syphilis cases in Texas. Tracey’s piece of stuff this week continues the fakery theme with part of two episodes she will be doing on the infamous Piltdown Man hoax of a 500,000 year old hominid in Sussex. Ashley reveals a bronze object used for divination from sheep’s livers and reveals an unanticipated liver-centric world view in ancient times.

Liver of Piacenza. Bronze. Etruscan.

Etruscan language inscription in Akkadian script.

Dimensions. 126 × 76 × 60 mm (5 × 3 × 2.4 inches) and dated to the late 2nd century BC.

Found in Piacenza in 1877, currently housed in Municipal Museum of Piacenza.

Photo credit: Shonagon on wikimedia commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Liver_of_Piacenza.jpg

Piltdown Man 1 Assemblage: The Piltdown 1 hominin assemblage (f, g-l) alongside the bone implement (also known as ‘the cricket bat’) (a), an eolith (b), palaeolith (d) and fragments of Mastodon (c) and horse (e) teeth. 

Fake purportedly 500,000 years old, “discovered” at Piltdown Sussex, 1911-1913. Found to a hoax in 1956.

Photo credit: Uploaded to Researchgate by Isabella de Groot. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Piltdown-1-hominin-assemblage-f-g-l-alongside-the-bone-implement-also-known-as_fig1_283709064

Episode 12: Pan-Mediterranean Mythos and Mummy Bees

In this episode Ashley talks about the news of the shrinking human brain and Tracey thinks about how we should warn people tens of thousands of years in the future about our buried nuclear waste (when we get around to burying it). Tracey’s Piece of Stuff is a Cypriot seal, only an inch high but tells a tall tale of a mythology shared around the Pan-Mediterranean world from Egypt to Mesopotamia. Ashley’s piece this week is the stuff of nightmare – 3,000 year old mummified bees.

Cylinder seal and modern impression: Master of Animals between lions, griffins, Minoan genius

Cyprus, ca. 14th century B.C.

Dimensions: H. 7/8 in. (2.3 cm); Diam. 5/16 in. (0.8 cm)

On view at The Metropolitan Museum in Gallery 406

 X-ray microcomputed tomography scan of a mummified Bee, inside its cocoon. 2975 years old from Portugal.

Photo credit: Federico Bernardini / ICTP

Episode 11: A Totem Pole Theft with a Hint of Ancient Vanilla

In this week’s Stuff in the News Tracey talks about a potential future apocalypse if we don’t work out how to label our nuclear waste for 100,000 years and Ashley talks about an apocalypse past, and a cataclysm 930,00 years ago that brought humanity down to just 1,300 people. Tracey’s Piece of Stuff is a ‘living person’ totem pole stolen from indigenous people British Columbia in 1929 and bought by the Scots, and Ashley’s is ancient evidence for Vanilla in a place where vanilla really should not be.

The Nisga’a totem pole discussed in this weeks episode – on display at the National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh – from where it is being returned to the Nisga’a.

Photo credit – Brian McNeill, July 27, 2011. Accessed at wikicommons Sept 17, 2023 at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NMos_World_Cultures_Galleries_01.jpg

J. N. Fitch, “Illustration of Vanilla humblotti,” from Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, Vol. 131 tab. 7996 (1905). http://www.botanicus.org/page/449647 accessed on wikicommons September 17, 2023 at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vanilla_humblotii.jpg.

Note the actual archaeological photograph we discussed in the show is not in the public domain and so we can only make it available via a link here

Episode 10: A Spot of Tea and Silk from the Sea

In this episode’s Stuff in the News we talk about Eminem asking a certain GOP candidate not to use his music, and a five thousand year old dragon made of mussel shells that has just been discovered in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region. Staying in China, Ashley’s Piece of Stuff this week, was actually five tiny pieces of stuff, tiny tea buds found in the tomb of the Jing Emperor, Liu Qi: the world’s oldest tea. Sticking with a mussels theme, Tracey discusses the history, mystery and miss-history of byssus – sea silk made from the beards of the pinna mussel.

Grains of tea found in the tomb of Emperor Jing Di d. 141.BCE, at Chang’an (modern Xi’an),

Glove made of sea silk, byssus, that was in the cabinet of curiosity of Sir Hans Sloane, whose collection formed the basis of the British Museum, placed on top of plate 12, an illustration of the glove in J and A Rymsdyk’s, Museum Brittanicum (1784). Photo credit – Muschelseide.ch

Episode 9 Gained in Transit: A Desert Goddess and Arctic Doggy Heroes

In this week’s episode, Ashley shares news of the possible recovery of an ancient herb, long thought lost, called Silphion, which in its day was worth its weight in silver for culinary, medicinal, and abortifacient properties, and Tracey has a 3-for-1 special on art conservation news involving an organogel, a hydrogel and a scoundrel. Tracey’s Piece of Stuff is an aniconic/anthropomorphic goddess stele from the ancient caravan city of Petra, and why it is okay not to label her, and Ashley’s is a medal celebrating canine heroes who brought emergency human medicine hundreds of miles through the Alaskan ice and snow.

Nabataean Stele with image of an unknown Goddess – dedication reads “Goddess of Hayyan, son of NYbat.” Jordan Museum

Photo credit: Bjorn Anderson, accessed August 24, 2023 at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nabataean_betyl_1.JPG

Photograph of musher Leonhard Seppala, with (left to right) Togo, Karinsky, Jafet, Pete, unknown, and Fritz.

Photo credit: Carrie McClain Museum accessed on August 24, at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leonhard_Seppala_with_dogs.jpg

Discussed in the show was a medal that was presented to the dog sledders, but which is not in the public domain. Accessible at https://www.si.edu/object/medal:nmah_1445140

Episode Eight: Swaggering Samurai and Dracula’s Bloody Tears

In this episode, we discuss important stuff in the news such as a doggy surfing competition in California and a seventeenth-century child’s anti-vampire grave that has been discovered in Poland (no stereotypes there!). For her Piece of Stuff, Ashley closely examines a set of eighteenth-century Samurai armor and the accompanying helmet and reveals clues that indicate that it may have been used more for swaggering than for battle. Bad Lad Vlad, of impaling and inspiring Bram Stoker’s Dracula fame, is the subject of Tracey’s Piece of Stuff this week, as she takes probably too deep of a dive into what proteins left behind on a tax receipt by the fifteenth-century voivode of Wallachia can tells us about his health conditions, the hot mess that was Wallachian politics, and how Vlad got his reputation for cruelty.

Eighteenth century Samurai armour from the eighttenth century in the Edo Period. Set of armour, with two-piece cuirass (nimaido gusoku) and surcoat (jinbaori) bearing the crest of the Mori clan, also ceremonial fly-whisk of paper. With two lacquered wooden storage boxes with metal fittings bearing Mori crests, modern wooden stand.

Photo credit: British Museum, 2017,3024.1.1-14

https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_2017-3024-1-1-14

Tax Receipt Dated 1475 from Vlad IIII Draculea, Voivode of Wallachia (Vlad the Impaler)from archives of Sibio, Romania. The pieces of tape on the document are a newly developed EVA containing a special polymer that can lift proteins off an historic object without damaging it.

Photo Credit: Analytical Chemistry.

Episode Seven: Snake Women, The Devil’s Trumpet and Disco Planet

In this episode Tracey talks about news of missing Icelandic skulls and Ashley is extraordinarily happy about a giant, space disco-ball. Tracey’s piece of stuff discusses the plant datura (or devil’s trumpet) and people trippin’ balls globally on it for recreational or religious purposes, while Ashley examines the transregional phenomena of snake deities being depicted as women. Strap in we are in for a bumpy ride!

The Indian Snake Goddess Manasa – from The Rubin Museum in New York (C2005.36.2, HAR65569). Twelfth Century AD, North Eastern India. Phyllite, 20x9x4 inches.

Photo Credit: The Rubin accessed at https://rubinmuseum.org/collection/artwork/snake-goddess-manasa

Pinwheel Rock Art at Pinwheel Cave, California.

Photo Credit: Delvin Gandy, Accessed at https://www.livescience.com/rock-art-hallucinogen-california.html

Episode Six: Sicán Funerary Mask, Shang Ritual Owl and Another Kick-Ass Queen

In this episode Ashley shares the news of over-the-counter birth control in the US and Tracey responds to another dumbass – this time explaining why it is inappropriate to say the Jews survived in the Holocaust if they were useful. Ashley’s piece of stuff is a glorious Sicán funerary mask (a culture that precedes the Inca in Peru) and Tracey talks about a Shang period bronze owl-shaped ritual vessel used in ancestor worship and the extraordinary kick-ass queen/priestess/general who owned it.

Funerary mask, Lambayeque (Sicán), Peru. 10-12th century. At the Metropolitan Museum of Art (Not on view). Image Credit: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. In public domain https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/309959

Zun ritual vessel in the shape of an owl, Shang Dynasty China, from the grave of Fu Hao, one of a pair on display at the National Museum of China and the Henan Province Museum. Picture credit Gary Todd, “Fu Hao Zun at the National Museum of China,”Wikimedia Commons accessed July 31, 2023.  By Gary Todd – https://www.flickr.com/photos/101561334@N08/9829808373/, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=96349251

Episode Five: Ancient Divining and Ottoman Whining and Pining (7/23/2023)

In this episode we talk about why we think it is wrong to teach children that slaves were able to parlay skills they were taught for their “personal benefit” “later in life,” and what is going on with Northern California’s plague of penis fish. Our pieces of stuff this week involve evidence of necromancy in Israel of the second to fourth century CE and evidence of genuine affection between an Ottoman Sultan and his slave/concubine and the difficulties she overcame to become the most important woman in the empire.

Letter from Roxelana to Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent reveals the affection of the slave become queen for her husband.

Photo Credit: https://www.dailysabah.com/history/2019/02/15/newly-published-letter-reveals-hurrem-sultans-love-for-suleyman-the-magnificent?gallery_image=undefined#big

Assemblage of late Roman/early Byzantine lamps and a human cranium displayed as they found in Te’momim Cave.

Photo Credit: Professor Boaz Zissu, Bar-Ilan University, Martin (Szosz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology. Reproduced with his kind permission.

Episode Four: Perfumed Monkeys and Masked Madams (7/18/2023)

In this episode we talk about why we think it is wrong to teach children that slaves were able to parlay skills they were taught for their “personal benefit” “later in life,” and what is going on with Northern California’s plague of penis fish. Our pieces of stuff this week involve evidence of necromancy in Israel of the second to fourth century CE and evidence of genuine affection between an Ottoman Sultan and his slave/concubine and the difficulties she overcame to become the most important woman in the empire.

Egyptian Perfume Bottle in the Shape of a Monkey. Metropolitan Museum, New York, on display in Gallery 117. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/545265

Photo Credit: Metropolitan Museum in public domain

A Black Velvet Visard of the sixteenth or seventeenth century, found at Daventry, Northamptonshire in England, deposited inside a wall.

Photo credit: British Museum: Portable Antiquities Scheme item record NARC- 151A67 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visard_mask_front.jpg

Episode Three: A Man’s Best Friend and A Ukrainian Woman’s Revenge (7/11/2023)

In this episode we discuss medieval criminal surnames, how to deal with nuclear materials for the continued history of our planet, jewelry and a kick-ass queen from medieval Ukraine, that not all bird women are bad, and the origins of domesticated dogs.

The Razbionichya Cave canid, Altai Mountains, Central Asia. 33,500 years old. The triangular hole indicated by the arrow is not a projectile point at Tracey guessed, but it is where modern scientists took a sample for carbon-14 dating.

Photo Credit: Nikolai Ovodov et al. http://www.ploscollections.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0022821

Accessed 7/11/2023 at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog#/media/File:Razboinichya_canid.tif

Temple Pendant with Two Sirens Flanking a Tree of Life (Front) and Confronted Birds (back). Kyivan (Kievan) Rus’, 11-12th century, from the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art 17.190.680.

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/464554

Accessed 7/11/2023 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Temple_Pendant_with_Two_Sirens_Flanking_a_Tree_of_Life_(front)and_Confronted_Birds(back)_MET_sf17-190-680s1.jpg

Episode Two: Prehistoric Pee Pee and Pinot (7/4/2023)

In this episode Ashley Bozian and Tracey Cooper delve into whether or not cut marks on prehistoric bone are evidence of cannibalism, explode the myth of man the hunter and woman the gatherer, explore the earliest known winery and think long and hard about the earliest (42,000-yearr-old) anatomically accurate penis pendant.

Picture Credit for Phallic Pendant From Tolbor 21 (Mongolia), Solange Riguad, Evgeny P. Rubin, Arina M. Khatsenovich et al. accessed from wikicommons 7/4/2023.

Picture credit for Armenian Winery, Ararat Province, Armenia, Gorokov, August 31, 2016, accessed Wikicommons 7/4/2023. Note this is not the 4,100-year-old winery discussed in the episode but a “modern” winery, which looks remarkably like what we can imagine the ancient winery would have looked like (we did not want to run afoul of copyright laws). A great picture of the Areni-1 archaeology can be found at the National Geographic site linked in the show notes.

Episode One: Chess and Cleanliness (6/27/2023)

In episode number one Ashley discusses the history of a common bathroom item and Tracey discusses the trade networks behind the discovery of hoard of medieval gaming pieces.

Picture of a medieval chess queen
A Deepminded Queen: Is this her resting chess face?

Picture Credit: National Museum of Scotland, shared on Wikicommons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NMSLewisChessmen21.jpg.

Picture Credit for soap and shell image for link on main page Malene Thyssen https://wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Handmade_soap.jpg

Show notes with full citations of all our sources and a few corrections, additional explanations and missing citations can be accessed by clicking on the little info “i” above.